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Choosing the parts

Before you jump onto the web and start spending lots of money on expensive computer parts,
there are two important questions you should answer which will guide your purchases:

What Operating System am I going to use?

Before you buy components, be sure that they are supported by the operating system you plan
to use. Almost all current, commonly available devices have drivers available for current
versions of Windows (generally, anything 2000, XP or newer); if you want to run an alternative
operating system, you'll have to do some research -- many alternatives have extensive
'Hardware Compatibility Lists'.
Windows hardware support lists

CPU (Processor)

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the heart of your computer as it performs nearlly all
functions that require extensive processing power. Therefore, it is very important that you
choose a suitable CPU for your function as the choice of CPU directly affects the speed and
stability of your system.
Before we can explain differences between CPUs, you must first be familiar with certain CPU
properties.

Motherboard

It cannot be stressed more that the motherboard is the MOST important part of your computer.It is worth investing in a decent motherboard rather than a CPU (although if financiallyacceptable, both) as your motherboard is what connects different parts of the computertogether. In addition, the difference between a cheap and a nice motherboard is typically around$100 US. A good motherboard allows a modest CPU and RAM to run at max efficiencywhereas a bad motherboard causes high-end products to run only modestly.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

The amount of RAM you use is dependent on the purpose that you want to use it for. Older
versions of Windows and Linux will run comfortably, though slowly at times, on 128 MB.
Some newer operating systems such as Windows XP require 256MB of RAM to run
comfortably. Many people now have 512 MB or more for better performance. Users of modern games and graphics software, or people who may wish to host Internet services such as a Web site, may want 1 GB or more.

Hard Drive

Things to consider when shopping for a hard drive:
•The Interface of a drive is how the hard drive comunicates with the rest of the computer. The
following hard driver interfaces are avalible:
•IDE cables can be distinguished by their wide 40-pin connector, coloured first-pin wire, and
usually white "ribbon" style cables. This technology is rapidly deteriorating, as it cannot keep
up with the increasing speed of current hard drives. IDE based hard drives do not exceed 7,200
RPM.

CD/DVD

Optical drives have progressed a long way in the past few years, and you can now easilypurchase DVD writers that are capable of burning 9GB of data to a disk for an insignificantamount of money. Even if you don't plan on watching or copying DVDs on your computer, it isstill worth purchasing a burner for their superior backup capabilities.When purchasing a DVD writer,

Floppy Drive

Though generally not needed, floppy drives are often installed anyway. Floppy drives havebeen made obsolete in recent years by devices such as USB "Thumb Drives" and CD writers.Floppy drives are sometimes required for BIOS updates and exchanging small files with oldercomputers. Floppy drives block air movement with wide cables, and can make computers set tocheck the drive take longer to start (most have an option in their bios to disable this.) Thedrives and disks are also notoriously unreliable. One option to overcome the cable problem andto make it easier to install is to buy an external USB floppy drive.

Sound Card

Most motherboards have built-in sound features. These are often adequate for most users.However, you can purchase a good sound card and speakers at relatively low cost - a fewdollars at the low end can make an enormous difference in the range and clarity of sound. Also,these onboard systems tend to use more system resources, so you are better off with a realsoundcard for gaming.Good quality in sound cards depends on a few factors. The digital-analog conversion (DAC) isgenerally the most important stage for general clarity, but it is a poorly measurable process.

Peripherals

Your computer and you interact through the peripherals. The keyboard and monitor are prettymuch the barest minimum you can go with and still be able to interact with your computer.Your choice in peripherals very much depends on personal preference and the complexity ofthe interactions you intend to have with your computer.Keyboard & MouseWhen choosing a mouse, there is generally no reason to not choose an optical mouse. They areconsiderably lighter (and as such, reduce RSI) as they have no moving parts, they are muchbetter at smoothly tracking movement, and they don’t require constant cleaning like ballmice (though it may be wise to brush off the lens with a q-tip or other soft tool on occasion.

Display

When choosing a display for your computer, you have two key choices of technology: theCathode Ray Tube (CRT) screen, or an LCD screen. Both technologies have their advantagesand disadvantages: CRTs are generally preferred by gamers and graphic artists, for both theprice at which they can be bought and their generally superior response times,

LCD Panels

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's) have the advantage of being a completely digital setup, whenused with the DVI-D digital connector. When running at the screen's native resolution, this canresult in the most stable and sharp image available on current monitors. Many LCD paneldisplays are sold with an analog 15-pin VGA connector or, rarely, with an analog DVI-Iconnector. Such displays will be a bit fuzzy, and are generally best avoided for a similarlysizedCRT. If you want an LCD displays, be sure to choose a digital setup if you can; however,manufacturers have chosen to use this feature for price differentiation.

Cathode Ray Tube Displays

The other key type of display is the CRT or Cathode Ray Tube display. While CRT technologyis older it often outperforms LCD technology in terms of response times, color reproduction,and brightness levels, although LCD displays are quickly catching up. There are two types ofCRT displays, shadow mask and aperture grill. An aperture grill display is brighter andperfectly flat in the vertical direction, but is more fragile and has one or two mostlyunnoticeablethin black lines (support wires) running across the screen. CRTs are generally 2-4times as deep as similarly-sized LCDs, and can weigh around 10 times as much, but thisnormally isn't a concern unless you will be moving your computer a lot.

Building the physical computer

Now that you have selected your parts, you get to what is arguably the more fun part of theprocess, and that is actually building the computer.Tools and EquipmentThere are a few tools that you will need to begin assembling your computer. The following is agood starting point, as they include the bare minimum to build a working computer.

Basic Tools

Before you begin building or refitting a computer, you will need some basic tools:
•#2 Phillips head screwdriver
•Needlenose pliers
•Motherboard manual
•Anti-static Wrist Strap or Grounding Mat

Optional, but useful

Some other tools and equipment can come in handy as well, such as:
•Magnet for grabbing screws - very useful (keep this away from magnetically sensitivecomputer components, though!)
•Wire stripper
•Electrical tape
•Flashlight
•A second, working computer to swap parts, look for tips, ask for help online, download driversand patches, etc. - very useful

Preparation

Find a dry, well-ventilated place to do your work. You should have plenty of light to see yourcomponents with, and if possible, you should choose an area without carpet on the floor, ascarpet tends to attract a lot of static, and most of this can be averted by choosing a conductivefloor surface. An unfinished basement is a perfect work location!To assemble your components, you will need a basic toolkit. For this kit, you will need aphillips-head (cross-shaped) screwdriver, and an anti-static wrist strap, for grounding yourselfwith (these can be purchased at your local electronic supply store) - this can often be a hugesaving over the amount of money that you waste by destroying your components with staticelectricity.

Safety Precautions

1. Dismantling electronic components such as your Power Supply or Monitor is anextremely dangerous thing to do - do not do it! They contain several high-voltage exposedcomponents, and can cause you severe electric shock if you touch them. So, please, don't eventhink of trying.
2. Nobody except you is at fault if you shock your components with static electricity. Makesure that you take the precautions in the previous paragraph to ground yourself from staticelectricity, such as with an anti-static wrist strap or grounding mat. (Note: if you really mustwork on a computer and haven't got proper anti-static equipment, it is usually OK if you makesure that you don't move about much; are not wearing any static-prone clothing; handlecomponents by the edges; and regularly (once a minute or so), touch a grounded object.

Construction Motherboard and Power Supply

Start by putting your case down on your work surface, with the side opposite of the case doorfacing down, and open the case. Many cases include power supplies that are already installedon the back of the computer. However, if you buy a power supply separately, install the PSU inthe top at the back of the case. Then try to find the motherboard standoffs that should havecome with the case. They are screws with screw holes on the top.Insert the standoffs into the holes on the motherboard plate in the case that correspond with theholes on your motherboard and screw them into the bottom of the case.

CPU

An example of a CPU socket, Socket AAs installation of the different makes of CPU can differ between brands, it is generally safer torefer to the manufacturer's instructions, that are provided with the CPU. If you are using athermal paste with your CPU, follow the directions that came with them for details on how toapply it.The two things that go wrong the most often and most expensively (minimum of a killed32CPU, sometimes more) in building one's own computer are both related to the CPU and its cooler:

RAM

Next, you will need to install your RAM. Start by pushing on the levers on both sides of theDIMM socket, so that they move to the sides. Do not force them too hard.Put the RAM module in the socket. Line up the notch in the center of the module with the onein the center of the RAM socket, making sure to insert it the right way. Force the module untilboth levers go into the notches on both sides of the module.

Video Card 1

You may or may not have an AGP video card. Your motherboard may have a built-in videoadapter, or you might have a PCI video card. If you do not have an AGP video card, skip thissection.Install the video card into the AGP socket. This is always the top expansion slot near the backof the computer.

Drivers

Now that your computer is relatively secure, you will need to install drivers for your variouspieces of hardware.Instead of installing drivers from CDs, it is generally a better idea to download drivers from theInternet (if you have a broadband connection) because these are usually more up to date, andcan be significantly faster, and can improve your computer's efficiency greatly.

Software

Finally, load it with some good quality software. The majority of what you need will beavailable for free, on both forms of operating system, including Word Processors and Anti-Virus. The following are recommendations for each system:Windows•Web Browser: Mozilla Firefox or Slimbrowser or Opera(make sure that if you get MozillaFirefox or Slimbrowser you look into extensions)•E-mail Client: Mozilla Thunderbird•Office Suite:

GNU

Unlike with Windows, on a GNU system the majority of the software that you will want foryour computer is already included. You will probably not need to download anything. MostGNU distributions have a package manager (Portage for Gentoo, APT for Debian-based distroslike Debian and Ubuntu, etc.) For some distributions, simply download RPM files from yourdistribution's web site.If they aren't already installed by your distribution:•

Additional Software

For additional software some excellent sources of free and open-souce software are•Tucows http://www.tucows.com/ a downloads site with freeware, shareware, open-source aswell as commercial software. It has many mirrors all over the world for speedy downloads fromlocal servers.•SourceForge http://www.sourceforge.net/ a site featuring many OpenSource projects. You canstart your own, or get software for almost every need. Most projects have GNU and Windowsversions.

Optimizing and Overclocking

OverclockingOverclocking (OC) is taking your computer components above their recommended speedsettings.(From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.)"Overclocking is the practice of making a component run at a higher clock speed than themanufacturer's specification. The idea is to increase performance for free or to exceed currentperformance limits, but this may come at the cost of stability."Think of the 3GHz on your new 3GHz Pentium 4 as a speed limit asking to be broken. This canbe done to several components in your computer. This often takes advantage of the fact thatmany manufacturers mark higher end components as lower in order to meet demand for a lowerend component.

Things that can't be overclocked

Although it is possible to overclock many of the components of a computer (such as the CPU,FSB frequency and video card), it is not possible to overclock some components. For example,it is not possible to increase the read/write speed or access time of a hard disk or CD-ROMdrive.

Components CPU

The CPU's clock speed is the FSB clock speed (base, not effective speed) times the CPU'smultiplier. On most newer CPUs, the multiplier is locked, so you will have to adjust the FSBclock speed (However, it might be possible to 'unlock' the chip's multiplier on some older chips.See CPU Locking.) The FSB is not adjustable on a few motherboards, and many OEM systems.The FSB and multiplier, if not locked, are adjustable from within the BIOS.